| CPC H04W 72/1268 (2013.01) [H04L 5/0048 (2013.01); H04W 72/23 (2023.01)] | 30 Claims |

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1. A user equipment (UE), comprising:
a transceiver,
at least one processor,
one or more memories coupled with the at least one processor; and
instructions stored in the one or more memories and operable, when executed by the at least one processor, to cause the UE to:
receive, via the transceiver, a first indication of a set of reference signal instances within a set of resources, wherein:
each reference signal instance of the set of reference signal instances is associated with an anchor resource element, and the first indication comprises a time density indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a frequency density indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a resource element offset indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, a symbol offset indicator associated with the set of reference signal instances, or any combination thereof;
receive, via the transceiver, a first control message indicating a plurality of resource element formats, each resource element format of the plurality of resource element formats comprising one or more reference signal resource elements and one or more null resource elements that separate the one or more reference signal resource elements from other subcarriers in a frequency domain;
receive, via the transceiver, a second control message comprising a second indication of a resource element format of the plurality of resource element formats indicated by the first control message, the resource element format associated with a reference signal instance of the set of reference signal instances, the resource element format comprising the one or more null resource elements and the one or more reference signal resource elements;
receive, via the transceiver, a reference signal after receiving the first indication and the second indication, wherein a position of each reference signal instance within the set of resources is based at least in part on the anchor resource element associated with each reference signal instance, the time density indicator, the frequency density indicator, the resource element offset indicator, the symbol offset indicator, or any combination thereof;
perform one or more measurements associated with the received reference signal;
estimate a carrier frequency offset associated with the reference signal based at least in part on the one or more measurements; and
communicate, via the transceiver, with a network entity after receiving the reference signal, said communication being based at least in part on the estimated carrier frequency offset.
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