| CPC H01M 8/106 (2013.01) [H01M 8/1004 (2013.01); H01M 8/1023 (2013.01); H01M 8/1027 (2013.01); H01M 8/1032 (2013.01); H01M 8/1039 (2013.01); H01M 8/1062 (2013.01); H01M 2008/1095 (2013.01); H01M 2300/0082 (2013.01)] | 19 Claims |

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1. A fuel cell membrane electrode assembly (MEA) comprising:
a) a substrate, the substrate comprising:
i) a woven layer comprising a yarn of polyvinylidene fluoride fiber, wherein the yarn is 7 denier to 25 denier; and
ii) a nanofiber layer comprising polyvinylidene fluoride nanofibers deposited on the woven layer, wherein the nanofiber layer is 1 to 10 micrometers thick; wherein the substrate exhibits a porosity of at least 70 percent; and wherein the substrate is less than 30 micrometers thick; and
b) a porous polymer membrane deposited on the nanofiber layer.
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