| CPC H01M 50/449 (2021.01) [H01M 4/663 (2013.01); H01M 4/667 (2013.01); H01M 4/668 (2013.01); H01M 10/058 (2013.01); H01M 50/403 (2021.01); H01M 50/431 (2021.01); H01M 50/446 (2021.01); H01M 2004/029 (2013.01)] | 14 Claims |

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1. An aqueous battery system, comprising:
an anode;
a cathode; and
a bipolar structure disposed between the anode and cathode, the bipolar structure comprising
a first layer proximate the anode;
a second layer proximate the cathode; and
a film disposed between the first and second layers, the film comprising a plurality of conductive particles and a plurality of non-conductive polymers, the polymers being integrated with the conductive particles such that (i) the film forms an impermeable layer to fluid, and (ii) an outer surface of the film is compositionally homogenous;
wherein the first and second layers each comprises a graphite sheet, or each comprises 50-80% of graphite and non-conductive polymers; wherein said non-conductive polymers in said film and said first and second layers are selected from polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).
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