| CPC H01M 10/4235 (2013.01) [H01M 10/0562 (2013.01); H01M 10/425 (2013.01); H01M 10/44 (2013.01); H01M 10/48 (2013.01); H01M 50/431 (2021.01); H01M 50/449 (2021.01); H02J 7/0047 (2013.01); H01M 2010/4271 (2013.01); H01M 2200/00 (2013.01); H01M 2300/0068 (2013.01)] | 30 Claims | 

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               1. An electrochemical cell, comprising: 
            an anode disposed on an anode current collector; 
                a cathode disposed on a cathode current collector; 
                a first separator disposed between the anode and the cathode, the first separator including a polymer; 
                a second separator disposed between the anode and the cathode, the second separator including a ceramic or a ceramic coated polymer; 
                an interlayer including a conductive material disposed between the first separator and the second separator; and 
                a power source electrically coupled to at least the anode and the interlayer, the power source configured to maintain a voltage between the anode and the interlayer above a threshold value. 
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