| CPC H01G 9/0036 (2013.01) [H01G 9/2009 (2013.01); H10K 30/30 (2023.02); H10K 30/40 (2023.02); H10K 71/164 (2023.02)] | 16 Claims |

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1. A method for forming an intermediate structure in the formation of an optoelectronic device, wherein the method comprises:
a) obtaining a stack of layers over a substrate holder in a sputtering chamber, the stack of layers comprising:
an active layer comprising an active material having a perovskite crystal structure,
an n-type semiconducting layer comprising a fullerene over the active layer, and
an energy alignment layer comprising a lithium halide, a magnesium halide, Al2O3 or a metal fluoride on, and in contact with, the n-type semiconducting layer, wherein the energy alignment layer comprises an exposed top surface; and
b) sputtering an n-type semiconducting metal oxide layer on the exposed top surface of the energy alignment layer, wherein said sputtering is performed at a sputtering power density of at most 1 W·cm−2 and at a temperature of the stack of layers of at most 100° C.
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