| CPC G02B 27/0172 (2013.01) | 16 Claims |

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1. A head-mounted display (HMD) apparatus comprising:
at least one camera configured to obtain an image by capturing a scene;
at least one display configured to display the image obtained by the at least one camera; and
a lens comprising a plurality of lens elements arranged between an eye of a user and the at least one display,
wherein the lens includes an aperture stop area configured to be at least a portion of an area for facing the eye of the user,
wherein the aperture stop area includes a plurality of sub-stop areas corresponding to a plurality of gaze directions by eye rotation, respectively, and
wherein modulation values of the lens at sub-fields of 0 degrees of sub-stop areas, from the plurality of sub-stop areas, corresponding to gaze directions of 0, 10, and 20 degrees are greater than 0.7, and
wherein the modulation values of the lens are measured at a spatial frequency between 15 to 20 cycles/mm.
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