CPC C09K 8/594 (2013.01) [C09K 2208/10 (2013.01)] | 9 Claims |
1. A combination comprising in mixture an aqueous sol, carbon dioxide, and water, the aqueous sol comprising silica particles having an average particle diameter of 1 to 100 nm as measured by dynamic light scattering and having surfaces at least partially coated with a silane compound having a hydrolyzable group, the silica particles being dispersed in an aqueous solvent, the aqueous sol having a pH of 1.0 or more to 6.0 or less,
wherein the surfaces of the silica particles are at least partially coated with the silane compound having the hydrolyzable group by adding the silane compound having the hydrolyzable group to an initial aqueous sol of the silica particles in the aqueous solvent, wherein the initial aqueous sol has a pH of 1.0 or more to 6.0 or less,
wherein the aqueous sol, subjected to a storage test at a pH of 5.0 or more to 8.0 or less at 80° C. for 30 days in an environment containing sodium chloride, calcium chloride, and magnesium chloride as main components and having a total salt concentration of 10,000 to 230,000 ppm such that the silica concentration is 1.0% by mass, exhibits a difference between the average particle diameter as measured by dynamic light scattering after the storage test and the average particle diameter before the storage test of 200 nm or less in the aqueous sol, and
wherein the combination forms, in contact with crude oil, a froth or emulsion, and the froth or the emulsion is stable at a temperature of 30 to 120° C. and a pressure of 70 to 400 atm.
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