| CPC G06F 3/0619 (2013.01) [G06F 3/0659 (2013.01); G06F 3/0679 (2013.01); G11C 16/10 (2013.01); G11C 16/3418 (2013.01); G11C 16/0483 (2013.01); G11C 16/3468 (2013.01)] | 19 Claims |

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1. A memory controller for use with a memory device including at least one memory cell which provides at most 2N programming levels to store N bits of data, wherein N is a positive integer, and the memory controller comprises:
interface circuitry to receive input data to be written into the at least one memory cell; and
control circuitry to:
find, in the input data, a binary code to be replaced, the binary code to be replaced corresponding to a preset programming level to be replaced;
substitute the binary code to be replaced in the input data with a replacement binary code corresponding to a preset replacement programming level, wherein the binary code to be replaced differs from the replacement binary code by one bit; and
generate a replacement identifier to link a memory address to the replacement binary code.
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