CPC G03G 15/2057 (2013.01) [B32B 1/08 (2013.01); B32B 27/304 (2013.01); B32B 33/00 (2013.01); B32B 37/04 (2013.01); B32B 2260/046 (2013.01); B32B 2307/51 (2013.01); B32B 2433/00 (2013.01); G03G 2215/2035 (2013.01)] | 14 Claims |
1. A fixing member having an endless belt shape or a roller shape, comprising:
a base layer; and
a surface layer,
the surface layer containing a tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer, and having a pore communicating with an opening of an outer surface thereof, wherein perfluoropolyether is contained in at least a part of the pore; and
when an average value of loss elastic moduli E″ of the surface layer in a direction orthogonal to a circumferential direction of the fixing member measured at a frequency of 10 Hz at a temperature of 100° C. to 150° C. is defined as E″(1), and
the average value of loss elastic moduli E″ of the surface layer in the direction orthogonal to the circumferential direction of the fixing member measured at the frequency of 10 Hz at a temperature of 100° C. to 150° C. after removal of the perfluoropolyether contained in the pores is defined as E″(2),
E″(1)/E″(2) is 0.60 or larger and smaller than 1.00.
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