| CPC H04N 19/146 (2014.11) [H04N 19/114 (2014.11); H04N 19/124 (2014.11)] | 18 Claims |

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1. An apparatus comprising:
at least one processor configured to:
maintain at least one video buffer according to a rate buffer bit controller feedback loop and a proportional integral derivative (PID) bit controller feedback loop, wherein the PID bit controller feedback loop comprises:
first, second, and third branches in parallel with each other and each receiving a feedback error, the first branch configured to correct a target bit rate based at least in part on the feedback error for a first term, the second branch configured to correct the target bit rate based at least in part on the feedback error for a second term longer than the first term, the third branch being configured to reduce overshoot;
use a predefined first quantization parameter (QP) for a first I frame of a group of pictures (GOP), the first I frame being an initial I frame of the GOP; and
use a second QP for a second I frame of the GOP, the second QP determined by the at least one processor from a third QP of a previous I frame in the GOP and a fourth QP of a last non-I frame of the GOP that preceded the second I frame.
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