| CPC H01M 4/58 (2013.01) [C01B 21/0602 (2013.01); C01B 32/90 (2017.08); C01B 32/907 (2017.08); C30B 7/02 (2013.01); C30B 29/36 (2013.01); C30B 29/38 (2013.01); C30B 29/60 (2013.01); C30B 29/68 (2013.01); H01M 10/0525 (2013.01); C01P 2002/20 (2013.01); C01P 2002/70 (2013.01); C01P 2002/85 (2013.01); C01P 2006/40 (2013.01)] | 20 Claims |

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1. A crystalline composition, comprising:
at least one layer having first and second surfaces,
each layer comprising:
a substantially two-dimensional array of crystal cells,
each crystal cell having an empirical formula of M′2M″nXn+1, such that each X is positioned within an octahedral array of M′ and M″;
wherein M′ and M″ each comprise different Group IIIB, IVB, VB, or VIB metals;
each X is C, N, or a combination thereof;
n=1 or 2; and wherein
the M′ atoms are substantially present as two-dimensional outer arrays of atoms within the two-dimensional array of crystal cells;
the M″ atoms are substantially present as two-dimensional inner arrays of atoms within the two-dimensional array of crystal cells; and
the two-dimensional inner arrays of M″ atoms are sandwiched between the two-dimensional outer arrays of M′ atoms within the two-dimensional array of crystal cells, and wherein at least one or more of:
(a) n=1 and the layer has a thickness of from about 0.3 to about 0.7 nm,
(b) n=2 and the layer has a thickness of from about 0.6 to about 0.9 nm,
(c) a surface of the layer comprises a coating having a pendant moiety which is linked to the surface by a N, O, or S atom,
(d) the composition exhibits an optical transparency at at least one wavelength in a range of about 250 nm to about 850 nm in a range of from about 0% to at least about 95%,
(e) the composition further comprises a polymer,
(f) the layer has an aspect ratio of from about 1:10 to about 10:1, or
(g) the composition further comprises a cation intercalated therein.
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