| CPC C01B 32/16 (2017.08) [C23C 16/0245 (2013.01); C23C 16/0254 (2013.01); C23C 16/26 (2013.01)] | 20 Claims |

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1. A method, comprising:
exposing a substrate comprising a metal and/or metal alloy region comprising copper to at least one agent such that the at least one agent chemically and/or physically modifies the substrate; and
exposing the substrate to conditions causing the formation and/or growth of cylindrical and/or pseudo-cylindrical elongated carbon-based nanostructures directly on metallic copper of the substrate;
wherein the exposing the substrate to the at least one agent comprises removing metal from the metal and/or metal alloy region to alter a surface roughness of the metal and/or metal alloy region.
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