| CPC H10K 50/115 (2023.02) [H10K 71/00 (2023.02); H10K 59/122 (2023.02); H10K 71/40 (2023.02); H10K 2102/321 (2023.02); H10K 2102/351 (2023.02)] | 10 Claims |

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1. A light-emitting element comprising, on a substrate:
a positive electrode;
a negative electrode;
a quantum-dot layer between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, the quantum-dot layer including a stack of a plurality of luminous first quantum dots and a plurality of non-luminous second quantum dots;
a hole transport layer between the positive electrode and the quantum-dot layer; and
an electron transport layer between the negative electrode and the quantum-dot layer, wherein
a majority of second quantum dots in the plurality of second quantum dots are in an electron transport layer side compared to a hole transport layer side,
each of the plurality of first quantum dots has a first ligand on an outermost layer thereof,
each of the plurality of second quantum dots has a second ligand on an outermost layer thereof, and
the first ligand includes a number of carbon atoms per molecule that is equal to a number of carbon atoms per molecule in the second ligand.
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