| CPC H01S 5/18347 (2013.01) [H01S 5/02461 (2013.01); H01S 5/18311 (2013.01); H01S 5/18377 (2013.01); H01S 5/2275 (2013.01); H01S 5/3095 (2013.01); H01S 5/3401 (2013.01); H01S 5/423 (2013.01)] | 20 Claims |

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17. A vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) comprising:
a substrate;
a mesa structure disposed on the substrate, the mesa structure defining an emission axis of the VCSEL, the mesa structure comprising:
a first reflector,
a second reflector, and
a cascaded active region structure disposed between the first reflector and the second reflector, wherein the cascaded active region structure comprises a plurality of cascaded active region layers disposed along the emission axis, wherein each of the cascaded active region layers comprises an active region, a tunnel junction aligned with the emission axis, and an oxide confinement layer on an opposite side of the tunnel junction along the emission axis with respect to the active region;
a first heat dissipation structure extending between the first reflector and the second reflector; and
a second heat dissipation structure extending between the substrate and the second reflector.
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