| CPC A01N 59/20 (2013.01) [A01N 25/08 (2013.01); A01N 59/16 (2013.01); A01P 1/00 (2021.08); A61L 9/00 (2013.01); C02F 1/505 (2013.01); C23C 16/45555 (2013.01); C23C 16/56 (2013.01); C23C 28/00 (2013.01); C25D 11/04 (2013.01); C25D 11/18 (2013.01); A61L 2101/24 (2020.08); A61L 2101/26 (2020.08); C02F 1/281 (2013.01); C02F 2303/04 (2013.01); C23C 16/00 (2013.01)] | 20 Claims | 

| 
               14. A method of forming a high surface area antimicrobial material, the method comprising: 
            providing a substrate; 
                forming a first material on top of or within said substrate, 
                wherein said first material is formed by solution-based coating, 
                  wherein said first material comprises nanotubes and/or nanopores, and 
                  wherein said nanotubes and/or nanopores are open on one end only; and 
                forming a second material, 
              wherein said second material is disposed on a majority of surfaces of said nanotubes and/or nanopores, 
                  wherein said second material is formed by a vapor-phase coating process, and 
                  wherein said second material is antimicrobial, and 
                  wherein said second material inactivates biological microorganisms in gases and liquids upon physical contact. 
                 |