CPC H01M 8/1027 (2013.01) [H01M 8/1004 (2013.01); H01M 8/1053 (2013.01); H01M 2008/1095 (2013.01)] | 14 Claims |
1. A membrane electrode assembly, comprising:
a proton exchange membrane disposed between an anode catalyst layer and a cathode catalyst layer; and
a cation-associating layer comprising a net polymer having a weakly-acidic functional group configured to preferentially associate with contaminant cations,
wherein the proton exchange membrane comprises a first ionomer, and
wherein at least a portion of the cation-associating layer is disposed between the anode catalyst layer and an anode-side microporous layer.
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