repetitively depositing a layer of metal by additive manufacturing and cold working each metal layer to form the metal article;

wherein the cold working comprises directionally cold working each metal layer;

wherein the additive manufacturing parameters are manipulated to control local average grain size and the cold working parameters are manipulated to control local grain crystallographic orientation to provide a customized local average grain size and a customized local non-random grain crystallographic orientation of the metal article; and

wherein the local non-random grain crystallographic orientation varies by region within the metal article based on design requirements;

wherein the metal article has a first physical property in a first region and a second physical property in a second region;

wherein the first region has a first physical property value of the first physical property and the second region has a second physical property value of the second physical property, the first physical property value different than the second physical property value; and

wherein the first and second regions each comprise multiple layers of deposited metal.