| CPC B01D 39/1607 (2013.01) [B01D 2239/025 (2013.01); B01D 2239/0435 (2013.01)] | 13 Claims |

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1. A filter element, comprising:
a first polymer film including a first surface, a second surface opposite the first surface, an array of nanofibers extending from the first surface, a first end, a second end opposite the first end, and opposing first and second edges extending from the first end to the second end; and
a second polymer film including a first surface, a second surface opposite the first surface, a second array of nanofibers extending from the first surface, a first end, a second end opposite the first end, and opposing first and second edges extending from the first end to the second end;
wherein the first and second polymer films are spiral wound together such that the second surface of the first polymer film is fixed to the second surface of the second polymer film, and the first surface of the first polymer film faces and is spaced from the first surface of the second polymer film so as to defined therebetween interlayer gaps through which a fluid can be flowed to contact the first and second arrays of nanofibers and thereby remove at least one contaminant from the fluid.
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