| CPC G06N 10/70 (2022.01) [G06N 10/40 (2022.01); H04L 1/04 (2013.01)] | 22 Claims |

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1. A quantum information processing (QIP) system comprising:
a data qubit;
an ancilla qubit with an asymmetric error channel, the data qubit coupled to the ancilla qubit; and
a measurement device configured to measure a property of the data qubit using the ancilla qubit using a quantum non-demolition measurement, the measurement device comprising:
a readout cavity coupled to the ancilla qubit; and
a cavity state detector configured to measure a state of the readout cavity, wherein the cavity state detector comprises a phase-sensitive detector.
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