| CPC H10K 50/156 (2023.02) [H10K 2102/00 (2023.02); H10K 2102/331 (2023.02)] | 20 Claims |

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1. A light-emitting element comprising:
an anode;
a cathode;
a light-emitting layer between the anode and the cathode; and
a hole transport layer between the anode and the light-emitting layer, the hole transport layer comprising:
a p-type semiconductor layer comprising a p-type semiconductor material provided in a form of a layer; and
an n-type semiconductor material dispersed in the p-type semiconductor layer,
wherein the n-type semiconductor material comprises nanoparticles containing a first metal oxide, and
the nanoparticles are confined within the hole transport layer.
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