| CPC H10F 77/227 (2025.01) [H10F 77/1645 (2025.01); H10F 77/955 (2025.01)] | 18 Claims |

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1. A solar cell, comprising a first region and a second region, wherein the solar cell further comprises:
a substrate having a first surface and an opposing second surface;
a tunneling layer covering the second surface, the tunneling layer having a first portion in the first region and a second portion in the second region;
a first emitter formed in the first region and on the first portion of the tunneling layer;
a second emitter having a first portion in the first region and a second portion in the second region, the first portion of the second emitter being formed on the first emitter and the second portion of the emitter being formed on the second portion of the tunneling layer, a conductivity type of the second emitter being different from a conductivity type of the first emitter;
a first electrode formed in the first region and configured to electrically connect with the first emitter by penetrating through the second emitter; and
a second electrode formed in the second region and configured to electrically connect with the second emitter;
wherein the second emitter comprises a first doped portion and a second doped portion, at least part of the second doped portion is formed between the first doped portion and the first electrode, doping concentration anywhere in the first doped portion is greater than or equal to doping concentration anywhere in the second doped portion, and doping concentration in the second doped portion decreases in a direction from the first doped portion towards the first electrode; and
wherein the second surface of the substrate has a step at a transition between the first region and the second region, the first emitter has a third surface facing away from the tunneling layer, the second emitter has a fourth surface in contact with the second portion of the tunneling layer, and the third surface is flush with the fourth surface or closer to the first surface of the substrate than the fourth surface.
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