1. A super-resolution imaging system, comprising an illumination system and an imaging system, the illumination system being configured to output excitation light to irradiate a biological sample to generate excited light, and the imaging system being configured to collect and record the excited light to generate an excited light image, wherein the illumination system comprises an excitation light source and a structured light generation and modulation device, the excitation light source is configured to output the excitation light, the structured light generation and modulation device is configured to modulate the excitation light into structured light to irradiate the biological sample to generate the excited light, the structured light generation and modulation device comprises a polarization control system, a diffraction splitting device, and a structured light control device, the structured light control device being configured to control the structured light generation and modulation device to change a phase of the structured light output by the structured light generation and modulation device and a direction of an illumination pattern of the structured light projected on the biological sample, and the imaging system is configured to photograph images of excited light excited by excitation light of at least one wavelength in at least one imaging field of view, in conjunction with a change in the phase of the structured light and/or the direction of the illumination pattern;