a first refrigeration cycle thermally connected to a passenger compartment and comprising a first refrigerant loop;

a battery cooling sub-system thermally connected to a battery and comprising a battery coolant loop;

a powertrain cooling sub-system thermally connected to a powertrain component and comprising a powertrain coolant loop; and

a second refrigeration cycle thermally connected to the first refrigeration cycle and the battery cooling sub-system, and comprising a second refrigerant loop;

wherein the second refrigeration cycle comprises:

an upstream-side heat exchanger configured to selectively transfer heat between the first refrigerant loop and the second refrigerant loop; and

a downstream-side heat exchanger configured to transfer heat between the battery coolant loop and the second refrigerant loop;

wherein the upstream-side heat exchanger is configured to selectively transfer heat between the first refrigerant loop, the second refrigerant loop, and the powertrain coolant loop; and

wherein the upstream-side heat exchanger comprises a first passageway fluidly connected to the second refrigerant loop, a second passageway fluidly connected to the first refrigerant loop, and a third passageway fluidly connected to the powertrain coolant loop.