Ring A is selected from:

each R^a1 is independently selected from H and alkyl;

each R^a2 is independently selected from H, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl;

Ring B is selected from:

each R^b1 is independently selected from H and alkyl;

each R^b2 is independently selected from H, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl;

each R^b3 is independently selected from H, halogen, cyano, nitro, alkyl, CH₂N(CH₃)₂, NR^AR^A, N⁺R^AR^AR^A, OH, O(alkyl), SH, S(alkyl), cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl;

each R^c is independently selected from H, halogen, cyano, alkyl, CH₂N(CH₃)₂, NR^AR^A, N⁺R^AR^AR^A, OH, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein each aryl and heteroaryl is optionally and independently substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, cyano, alkyl, CH₂N(CH₃)₂, NR^AR^A, N⁺R^AR^AR^A, OH, O(alkyl), SH, S(alkyl), and aryl;

R^c′ is selected from H, halogen, cyano, alkyl, alkylidenyl, NR^AR^A, N⁺R^AR^AR^A, OH, aryl, and heteroaryl, wherein the aryl or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, cyano, alkyl, CH₂N(CH₃)₂, NR^AR^A, N⁺R^AR^AR^A, OH, O(alkyl), SH, S(alkyl), and aryl;

Z¹ is

each Y¹ is independently CR^Y1;

each R^Y1 is independently selected from H, (CH₂)_yR^Y1a, C(O)NR^AR^A, NR^AR^A, N⁺R^AR^AR^A, and OH;

each R^Y1a is independently selected from NR^AR^A, N⁺R^AR^AR^A, aryl, and heteroaryl;

each y is independently selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10;

R¹ is alkyl;

R² is alkyl;

each R^A is independently selected from H and alkyl;

n^a is 1;

n¹ is 1; and

n² is 1.