| CPC C12Q 1/006 (2013.01) [C09K 11/07 (2013.01); G01N 21/64 (2013.01); B82Y 15/00 (2013.01); B82Y 30/00 (2013.01)] | 19 Claims |

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1. A nanoparticle transducer for analyte concentration measurements, comprising:
a nanoparticle comprising one or more chromophores; and
an enzyme covalently coupled to the nanoparticle and configured to catalyze a reaction comprising a plurality of reaction elements;
wherein the reaction elements comprise one or more reactants including the analyte and one or more products, wherein an amount of fluorescence emitted from the one or more chromophores is determined by a concentration of a reaction element of the plurality of reaction elements, wherein the one or more chromophores comprises a chromophore sensitive to the reaction element.
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