| CPC B01L 3/502792 (2013.01) [B01L 7/52 (2013.01); C12Q 1/6851 (2013.01); G01K 1/026 (2013.01); B01L 2200/10 (2013.01); B01L 2200/147 (2013.01); B01L 2300/0645 (2013.01); B01L 2300/1827 (2013.01); B01L 2400/0427 (2013.01); C01B 2203/1614 (2013.01); G01K 2217/00 (2013.01)] | 19 Claims | 

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               1. A microfluidic device comprising: 
            (a) a fluidic channel comprising a heating zone portion; 
                (b) a first heating element and a second heating element, the heating zone portion of the fluidic channel extending between the first and second heating elements such that the first and second heating elements control a temperature in the heating zone portion; 
                (c) the microfluidic device configured such that the first heating element varies in operation state while the first and second heating elements control the temperature in the heating zone portion, and the second heating element operates at a constant operation state while the first and second heating elements control the temperature in the heating zone portion; and 
                (d) one or more temperature sensors disposed in the fluidic channel; 
                wherein the microfluidic device further comprises a first substrate structure having a first substrate surface and a second substrate structure having a second substrate surface and spaced apart from the first substrate surface to form the fluidic channel between the first and second substrate surfaces, wherein the one or more temperature sensors protrude into the fluidic channel from at least one of the first substrate surface and the second substrate surface. 
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