| CPC A61B 5/412 (2013.01) [A61B 5/0836 (2013.01); A61B 5/14546 (2013.01); A61B 5/746 (2013.01); G16H 20/17 (2018.01); G16H 20/40 (2018.01)] | 17 Claims |

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1. A method of monitoring sepsis in a subject, the method comprising:
monitoring expired air from the subject, wherein the subject has been administered a bicarbonate salt comprising a carbon-13 isotope;
measuring a ratio of carbon dioxide comprising the carbon-13 isotope (13CO2) to carbon dioxide comprising a carbon-12 isotope (12CO2) in the monitored expired air, wherein the ratio correlates to a bloodstream level of lactic acid in the subject;
determining a level of sepsis in the subject based on the ratio, wherein a lower ratio of 13CO2 to 12CO2 indicates an increased level of sepsis; and
displaying an indication of the level of sepsis in the subject.
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