| CPC H04L 9/3247 (2013.01) [H04L 9/3239 (2013.01)] | 5 Claims |

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1. A computing system comprising:
one or more processing units; and one or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the one or more processing units, cause the one or more processing units to:
record a Merkle tree state used to generate a one-time signature (“OTS”) key pair and record an issued hash-based signature (“HBS”) in an immutably ordered log; and
autonomously report non-reuse or reuse of a Merkle tree state recorded in the immutably ordered log, such that the reporting verifies that a Merkle tree had a particular state when used to generate an OTS key pair of a particular issued OTS, or verifies that a current Merkle tree state was not previously used to generate any OTS key pair before a signing module generates an OTS key pair in response to a signing request.
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