training a first quantum neural network (QNN) at a first time and without being coupled to a second QNN, to perform quantum embedding by embedding a first dataset including classical data into a plurality of quantum states for which two or more clusters are defined in Hilbert space, and to reduce an overlap between at least two of the two or more clusters, thereby generating a first trained QNN in a fixed setting, a first output of the first trained QNN including the plurality of quantum states;

generating, using at least a portion of the first trained QNN, a second output based on a second dataset and using the fixed setting; and

sending the second output to the second QNN at a second time after the first time, and when the second QNN is operatively coupled to the first trained QNN, to train the second QNN.