CPC F03G 7/025 (2021.08) [D02G 3/16 (2013.01); D02G 3/26 (2013.01); D02G 3/441 (2013.01); F03G 7/012 (2021.08); F03G 7/029 (2021.08); D10B 2101/122 (2013.01); D10B 2401/16 (2013.01)] | 19 Claims |
1. An electrochemical artificial muscle comprising:
(a) an actuating electrode that comprises a first twisted yarn or coiled yarn that is electrically conducting;
(b) an electronically conducting counter electrode;
(c) an ionic conductor that provides a path for ionic conduction between said actuating electrode and said counter electrode;
(d) a material that shifts the potential of zero charge of the actuating electrode, wherein
(i) the shift in potential increases the potential range over which the actuating electrode monotonically increases or monotonically decreases actuator stroke during increase in potential, and
(ii) the first twisted or coiled yarn in the electrochemical artificial muscle has a monotonic potential range fraction of at least 0.7.
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