CPC C10L 1/1225 (2013.01) [B01J 19/088 (2013.01); C01B 32/18 (2017.08); C10L 1/1208 (2013.01); B01J 2219/0805 (2013.01); B82Y 30/00 (2013.01); B82Y 40/00 (2013.01); C01P 2004/17 (2013.01)] | 22 Claims |
1. A composition of matter comprising:
a liquid fuel; and
an additive comprising at least one liquid and a plurality of multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles having sp2 carbon bonds and sp3 carbon bonds, the plurality of multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticles comprising:
a plurality of halogen atoms per multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticle, the plurality of halogen atoms attached to an outer convex side of the multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticle; and
at least one non-carbon and non-halogen atom per multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticle, the at least one non-carbon and non-halogen atom between adjacent layers of the multi-layer carbon-based nanoparticle.
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