| CPC B01D 67/0039 (2013.01) [B01D 61/363 (2022.08); B01D 67/00791 (2022.08); B01D 67/0088 (2013.01); B01D 67/0095 (2013.01); B01D 69/02 (2013.01); B01D 69/12 (2013.01); B01D 69/125 (2013.01); B01D 69/148 (2013.01); B01D 71/02 (2013.01); B01D 71/0211 (2022.08); B01D 71/024 (2013.01); B01D 71/48 (2013.01); B01D 2323/04 (2013.01); B01D 2323/081 (2022.08); B01D 2323/14 (2013.01); B01D 2323/28 (2013.01); B01D 2323/36 (2013.01); B01D 2323/46 (2013.01); B01D 2325/04 (2013.01); B01D 2325/20 (2013.01)] | 6 Claims |

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1. A method for fabricating a membrane, the method comprising:
contacting a porous substrate that defines open surface pores with a liquid solution to fill or wet the open surface pores of the porous substrate, wherein the liquid solution comprises a solvent and a solute dissolved in the solvent; then
removing the solvent from the liquid solution to modify the surface charge of the open surface pores with a solute from the liquid solution so as to produce open surface-modified pores with dimensions of at least about 2 microns; then
depositing a 2-D-material-flake solution comprising 2-D-material flakes on the porous substrate with the open surface-modified pores and without a support layer between the otherwise open surface-modified pores of the porous substrate and the selective-transport layer to form a 2-D-material-flake-solution layer with a thickness of less than 40 microns, wherein the solute promotes aggregation of the 2-D-material flakes to inhibit penetration of the 2-D-material flakes into the otherwise open surface-modified pores; and then
evaporating solvent from the 2-D-material-flake-solution layer to form a selective-transport layer comprising 2-D-material flakes on the porous substrate, wherein the selective-transport layer coats the porous substrate and spans across the otherwise open surface-modified pores.
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