| CPC H10K 30/865 (2023.02) [H10K 71/00 (2023.02); H10K 2102/351 (2023.02); H10K 2102/361 (2023.02)] | 19 Claims |

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1. A light-emitting element comprising, in an order of listing:
an anode;
a hole transport layer;
an emission layer; and
a cathode,
the light-emitting element further comprising:
a reducing-material-containing layer disposed in at least a part between the anode and the hole transport layer, the reducing-material-containing layer being in contact with the anode and the hole transport layer, the reducing-material-containing layer containing a reducing material that reduces the hole transport layer, wherein
the reducing material contains, in a structure of the reducing material, hydrogen either at a concentration ratio of 1 to 1 with respect to a base metal, or at a larger concentration ratio than the base metal.
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