| CPC G01N 27/3277 (2013.01) [G01N 33/49 (2013.01); G01N 33/66 (2013.01)] | 18 Claims |

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1. A non-enzymatic glucose sensor, comprising:
an insulating metal oxide layer having a flat two-dimensional top surface, wherein the metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of NiO, Cu20, CuO, TiO2, ZnO, SnO2, MnO2, and Co304;
at least one pair of metallic electrodes comprising a first metallic electrode and a second metallic electrode arranged on the flat two-dimensional top surface of the insulating metal oxide layer and separated by a gap containing the metal oxide layer; and
a probe comprising a voltage supply and current sensor, wherein the probe is arranged to:
provide a voltage across the first metallic electrode and the second metallic electrode to generate a current through direct interaction between glucose in a liquid sample and the flat two-dimensional top surface of the insulating metal oxide layer, and
measure the current between the first metallic electrode and the second metallic electrode.
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