| CPC H10B 43/35 (2023.02) [H10B 41/10 (2023.02); H10B 41/35 (2023.02); H10B 43/10 (2023.02)] | 20 Claims |

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1. A method of forming a semiconductor structure, comprising:
forming an alternating stack of first material layers and second material layers over a substrate;
forming a composite hard mask layer over the alternating stack, wherein the composite hard mask layer comprises a layer stack including a lower patterning film, a first cladding material layer overlying the lower patterning film, and an upper patterning film overlying the first cladding material layer;
forming a patterned photoresist layer including openings therethrough over the composite hard mask layer;
forming openings in the hard mask layer by performing a hard-mask-open anisotropic etch process that transfers a pattern of the openings in the photoresist layer through the hard mask layer; and
forming via openings through the alternating stack by performing an anisotropic etch process that transfers a pattern of the openings in the composite hard mask layer through the alternating stack,
wherein the upper patterning film functions as an etch mask at least during an initial phase of the anisotropic etch process and the first cladding material layer functions as an etch mask at least during a subsequent phase of the anisotropic etch process, and wherein the first cladding material layer has higher etch resistance than the upper patterning film and the lower patterning film during the anisotropic etch process.
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