| CPC H04L 63/123 (2013.01) [G06F 16/2423 (2019.01); H04L 9/3247 (2013.01); G06F 2221/2133 (2013.01)] | 15 Claims |

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1. A method performed by a user authentication system comprising a processor and a non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the user authentication system to perform the method, the method comprising:
receiving a plurality of messages from a first device, wherein possession of the plurality of messages provides an indication of a relative likelihood that a user of the first device is a human user, the plurality of messages comprising:
at least a first message originating from a second device and being received by the first device from the second device based on the first device being located within a threshold proximity of the second device, the second device being a different device than the first device, the at least a first message being signed using a private key associated with the second device;
at least a second message originating from a third device and being received by the first device from the third device based on the first device being located within a threshold proximity of the third device, the third device being a different device than the first device and the second device, the at least a second message being signed using a private key associated with the third device;
generating, based on the plurality of messages received from the first device, a Turing score associated with the user of the first device, the Turing score indicating the relative likelihood that the user of the first device is a human user;
receiving a request from the user of the first device to authenticate access to a service;
accessing a parameter specifying a threshold Turing score associated with access to the service;
determining that the generated Turing score associated with the user satisfies the threshold Turing score specified in the parameter; and
authenticating access to the service based at least in part on the determination.
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