| CPC H01M 8/222 (2013.01) [H01M 4/8605 (2013.01); H01M 4/8652 (2013.01); H01M 4/9058 (2013.01); H01M 4/9066 (2013.01); H01M 8/0606 (2013.01); H01M 2008/1293 (2013.01)] | 13 Claims |

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1. A solid oxide fuel cell stack comprising a plurality of solid oxide fuel cells and at least one ammonia decomposition layer, wherein:
each solid oxide fuel cell comprises a cathode, an anode, and a solid oxide electrolyte between the anode and the cathode, wherein:
the solid oxide electrolyte comprises a solid oxide,
the anode comprises a porous scaffold having one or more surfaces,
the porous scaffold comprises a solid oxide having metal based catalysts,
the metal based catalysts are at least partially embedded below the one or more surfaces of the porous scaffold, and
the metal based catalysts are nanosize particles having a size of 10 nm to 100 nm;
the at least one ammonia decomposition layer is disposed proximate the one or more surfaces of the porous scaffold of one or more of the plurality of solid oxide fuel cells;
the at least one ammonia decomposition layer is configured to convert ammonia into hydrogen and nitrogen for subsequent feed of hydrogen to the anode of one or more of the plurality of solid oxide fuel cells;
the at least one ammonia decomposition layer comprises a metal decomposition catalyst comprising nickel; and
the anode of one or more of the plurality of solid oxide fuel cells is disposed on the at least one ammonia decomposition layer.
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