| CPC H01L 21/7688 (2013.01) [H01L 21/30608 (2013.01); H01L 21/3081 (2013.01); H01L 21/76811 (2013.01)] | 20 Claims | 

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               1. A method of forming a semiconductor structure, comprising: 
            forming a source-level semiconductor layer over a substrate; 
                forming an alternating stack of first material layers and second material layers over the source-level semiconductor layer; 
                forming a hard mask layer over the alternating stack; 
                forming cavities in the hard mask layer; 
                forming via openings through the alternating stack by performing an anisotropic etch process that transfers a pattern of the cavities in the hard mask layer through the alternating stack; 
                forming a cladding liner on sidewalls of the cavities in the hard mask layer and on a top surface of the hard mask layer; and 
                vertically extending the via openings at least through the source-level semiconductor layer by performing an additional anisotropic etch process employing a combination of the cladding liner and the hard mask layer as an etch mask. 
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