receiving, by a system comprising at least one processor, an input/output request based on a protocol related to a first type of storage medium;

determining, by the system, a namespace, among namespaces, that is associated with the input/output request, resulting in a determined namespace;

determining, by the system, a binary file corresponding to the determined namespace based on a mapping relationship, resulting in a determined binary file; and

at least one of reading from, by the system, or writing to, by the system, a second type of storage medium based on the determined binary file, the second type being different from the first type, wherein binary files, comprised in a first container group that corresponds to a hard disk drive (HDD), are arranged by a file system of the HDD to correspond to respective volumes in the first container group, wherein the first container group comprises a first target service and a first host service, wherein the input/output request is from a second host service of a second container group different from the first container group, wherein the first target service and a second target service of the second container group comprise a user space target service, and wherein the first host service and the second host service comprise a user space host service.