1. A non-natural enzyme capable of producing beta-hydroxyisovalerate (βHIV), the non-natural enzyme comprising one or more amino acid modifications or mutations relative to a corresponding enzyme lacking the substitutions, wherein the non-natural enzyme comprises one or more modifications or mutations at substrate-specificity positions corresponding to amino acids selected from V212, L224, Q251 and F371, of any of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 6, and wherein the non-natural enzyme is modified or mutated to provide more beta-hydroxyisovalerate (βHIV) synthase activity than a corresponding enzyme with the same amino acid sequence lacking the one or more amino acid modifications or mutations.
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