| CPC H04W 12/069 (2021.01) | 17 Claims |

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1. A method, implemented by a first wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU), comprising:
authenticating, via a second WTRU, the first WTRU with a network;
determining a PC5 root key based on a master key obtained from the authenticating of the first WTRU;
receiving, from the second WTRU, a first PC5 message protected based on the PC5 root key, wherein the first PC5 message is a direct security mode command message;
determining one or more third keys, including an encryption key and/or an integrity key, based on the PC5 root key; and
sending, to the second WTRU, a second PC5 message, wherein the second PC5 message is a direct security mode complete message is protected using at least one of the one or more third keys.
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