| CPC G02F 1/025 (2013.01) [G02F 1/0151 (2021.01); G02F 1/212 (2021.01)] | 25 Claims |

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1. An optical modulator, including:
a semiconductor substrate;
an optical waveguide portion disposed on the semiconductor substrate, the optical waveguide portion configured to provide an optical path for light that is to be modulated;
a first P-N junction disposed on the semiconductor substrate along the optical path, the first P-N junction defining a border between an N-doped portion disposed on the semiconductor substrate and a P-doped portion disposed on the semiconductor substrate, the P-doped portion having a uniform doping level; and
a second P-N junction disposed on a portion of the semiconductor substrate alongside the optical path and spaced apart from the first P-N junction by the P-doped portion, the P-doped portion extending from the first P-N junction to the second P-N junction; and
a reference point disposed on the semiconductor substrate alongside the first P-N junction, the reference point electrically coupled in series with the first P-N junction and the second P-N junction, the reference point configured to be held at, via electrical coupling, a DC reference potential.
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