| CPC G01N 27/3277 (2013.01) [G01N 27/3278 (2013.01); G01N 27/4168 (2013.01)] | 14 Claims | 

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               12. A method of detecting an analyte, the method comprising: 
            disposing first and second electrodes in a solution comprising an analyte, wherein the first electrode has a molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) immobilized on a surface thereof due to the presence of one or more covalent bonds, and the MIP is a nanoMIP that comprises a redox label and is imprinted with the analyte, wherein the nanoMIP is a particle with a diameter between 1 nm and 999 nm; 
                allowing the analyte to bind to the MIP; and 
                measuring a signal response to confirm the presence of the analyte. 
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