| CPC H01M 8/0656 (2013.01) [C25B 1/04 (2013.01); C25B 11/031 (2021.01); C25B 11/057 (2021.01); H01M 2250/10 (2013.01); H01M 2250/20 (2013.01)] | 5 Claims |

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1. A composition, comprising:
a hierarchical nanoporous material,
the hierarchical nanoporous material comprising macroligaments comprising a metal, the macroligaments comprising interconnected mesoligaments defining nanopores therebetween, the nanopores being open to the environment exterior to the nanoporous material,
the macroligaments having an average feature size of from about 0.5 μm to about 1 μm,
the mesoligaments having an average cross-section in the range of from about 10 nm to about 20 nm
the nanoporous material optionally comprising a metal having a standard reduction potential less than the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) at 0 V vs SHE,
the nanopores being characterized as having an average cross-section in the range of from about 3 to about 100 nm.
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