| CPC H04L 45/42 (2013.01) [H04L 12/4641 (2013.01); H04L 45/745 (2013.01); H04L 45/76 (2022.05)] | 20 Claims |

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1. A computing device comprising:
processing circuitry and storage media, wherein the processing circuitry has access to the storage media;
a containerized application, stored in the storage media and executed by the processing circuitry;
a virtual router, stored in the storage media and executed by the processing circuitry and configured to implement a data plane for a virtualized provider edge (PE) router, the virtualized PE router configured to provide a virtual private network (VPN) for the containerized application; and
a containerized routing protocol process, stored in the storage media, executed by the processing circuitry and configured to implement a control plane for the virtualized PE router, the containerized routing protocol process configured to:
obtain one of a Media Access Control (MAC) address or an Internet Protocol (IP) address of the containerized application;
generate and output a route in accordance with a first routing protocol, the route comprising at least the one of the MAC address or the IP address, to implement the VPN for the containerized application; and
program the virtual router with forwarding information for the route that causes the virtual router to forward a packet to the containerized application.
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