| CPC G05D 1/0221 (2013.01) [G05D 1/0255 (2013.01); G06N 20/00 (2019.01); G08G 1/0125 (2013.01); G08G 1/052 (2013.01)] | 20 Claims |

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1. A method comprising:
determining, by a sensing system of an autonomous vehicle (AV), a first spectral representation of vibrations associated with a first state of a movable object at a first measurement time and a second spectral representation of vibrations associated with a second state of the movable object at a second measurement time;
identifying a first reference frequency of the first spectral representation and a second reference frequency of the second spectral representation;
determining a value of an acceleration of the movable object based at least on the second reference frequency, the first reference frequency, and a duration between the second measurement time and the first measurement time;
predicting, based on the determined value of the acceleration, a motion change of the movable object; and
causing a driving path of the AV to be determined in view of the predicted motion change.
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