Z is O, S or NR^a and R¹ is an enzyme recognition group, or ZR¹ is an enzyme recognition group;

R⁸ is —C(LG)(R⁵)(R³R⁴);

R⁹, R¹¹ and R¹² are each independently hydrogen, halo, cyano, aliphatic, alkoxy, NO₂, N(R^c)₂, aryl, —C(O)alkyl, —C(S)alkyl, —C(O)OH, —C(O)Oalkyl, —C(O)NHR^c, —C(O)N(R^c)₂, —R³R⁴ or two adjacent groups together form an aliphatic ring or aryl ring;

R¹⁰ is hydrogen, halo, cyano, aliphatic, alkoxy, NO₂, N(R^c)₂, aryl, haloalkyl, —C(O)alkyl, —C(S)alkyl, —C(O)OH, —C(O)Oalkyl, —C(O)NHR^c, —C(O)N(R^c)₂, or with one of R⁹ or R¹¹ form an aliphatic ring or aryl ring;

LG is a leaving group, or ZR¹ and LG together form a phosphodiester;

R³ is —N(H)C(O)(CH₂)_nNH—,—C(O)N(H)(CH₂)_nNH—,

—C(O)N(H)(CH₂)_nO—, —N(H)C(O)(CH₂)_nS—, —C(O)N(H)(CH₂)_nS—,

—C(O)N(H)(CH₂)_nNHC(O)CH(CH₃)(CH₂)_nNH—, or —N(H)(CH₂)_nNH—, where each n is independently an integer ranging from 1 to 12;

R⁴ is a chromogen, a fluorophore, a luminophore, or a hapten, wherein the hapten is selected from the group consisting of a pyrazole, a nitrophenyl compound, a benzofuran, a urea, a thiourea, a phenyl urea, a phenyl thiourea, a rotenone, a rotenone derivative, an oxazole, a thiazole, a coumarin, a coumarin derivative, or a cyclolignan;

each R^a independently is hydrogen or aliphatic;

each R^c independently is hydrogen, aryl, aliphatic or heteroaliphatic, or two R^c moieties together form a heteroaliphatic ring;

each R⁵ is independently hydrogen, halo, cyano, lower alkyl, lower haloalkyl, —C(O)alkyl, —C(S)alkyl, —C(O)OH, —C(O)Oalkyl, —C(O)NHR^c or —C(O)N(R^c)₂;

and