| CPC A61B 5/1486 (2013.01) [A61B 5/14532 (2013.01); G01N 27/3271 (2013.01); A61B 2562/0285 (2013.01)] | 23 Claims |

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1. A sensor for determining a concentration of a biomarker in a liquid sample, the sensor comprising:
an insulating or semiconducting substrate;
at least one working electrode, a counter electrode, and a reference electrode, and
a sample placement area on a surface of the substrate for containing the liquid sample during a determination of the biomarker concentration in the liquid sample;
wherein each of the working electrode(s), counter electrode, and reference electrode comprises a conductive metal layer deposited on the substrate in the sample placement area;
wherein the working electrode is coated in the sample placement area with a plurality of sensor elements;
wherein the sensor elements are functionalized with a functionalization coating comprising a quaternary ammonium compound, a plurality of metal nanoparticles, a crosslinked enzyme that catalyzes an electron transfer reaction specific for the biomarker;
wherein the working electrode, counter electrode, and reference electrode are connected to an amperometry circuit;
wherein the sensor measures electron transfer into the working electrode;
wherein an output voltage of the amperometry circuit correlates with concentration of the biomarker in the liquid sample deposited in the sample placement area; and
wherein the sensor has been fabricated by a method comprising drop deposition of the functionalization coating from a single suspension comprising the quaternary ammonium compound, the metal nanoparticles, and the enzyme.
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