performing entropy decoding on a bitstream, to obtain information indicating a selected intra-prediction mode;

determining a luma block that corresponds to a chroma block;

determining a set of down-sampled samples of reconstructed neighboring luma samples, wherein the selected intra-prediction mode is a cross-component intra prediction_A (CCIP_A) mode, the reconstructed neighboring luma samples comprise a plurality of reconstructed luma samples that are above the luma block without including a plurality of reconstructed luma samples that are left to the luma block;

determining a first pair of luma value and chroma value according to N down-sampled neighboring luma samples of the set of down-sampled samples and N reconstructed neighboring chroma samples that correspond to the N down-sampled neighboring luma samples, wherein N is a positive integer greater than 1, and a minimum luma value of the N down-sampled neighboring luma samples is not less than respective luma values of first remaining down-sampled neighboring luma samples of the set, wherein the first remaining down-sampled neighboring luma samples are different from the N down-sampled neighboring luma samples;

determining a second pair of luma value and chroma value according to M down-sampled neighboring luma samples of the set of down-sampled samples and M reconstructed neighboring chroma samples that correspond to the M down-sampled neighboring luma samples, wherein M is a positive integer greater than 1, and a maximum luma value of the M down-sampled neighboring luma samples is not more than respective luma values of second remaining down-sampled neighboring luma samples of the set, wherein the second remaining down-sampled neighboring luma samples are different from the M down-sampled neighboring luma samples;

deriving one or more linear model parameters based on the first pair of luma value and chroma value and the second pair of luma value and chroma value;

generating a predictive block based on the one or more linear model parameters; and

reconstructing the chroma block based on the predictive block.