US 11,807,946 B2
Actuation via surface chemistry induced surface stress
Juergen Biener, San Leandro, CA (US); Monika M. Biener, San Leandro, CA (US); Alex V. Hamza, Livermore, CA (US); Marcus Baeumer, Bremen (DE); Arne Wittstock, Livermore, CA (US); Joerg Weissmueller, Karlsruhe (DE); Dominik Kramer, Karlsruhe (DE); and Raghavan Nadar Viswanath, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen (DE)
Assigned to Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC, Livermore, CA (US)
Filed by Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC, Livermore, CA (US)
Filed on Aug. 30, 2018, as Appl. No. 16/118,343.
Application 16/118,343 is a division of application No. 12/249,630, filed on Oct. 10, 2008, granted, now 10,266,949.
Claims priority of provisional application 60/980,111, filed on Oct. 15, 2007.
Prior Publication US 2018/0371624 A1, Dec. 27, 2018
Int. Cl. C23F 1/00 (2006.01)
CPC C23F 1/00 (2013.01) [F05D 2230/25 (2013.01); F05D 2300/133 (2013.01)] 19 Claims
OG exemplary drawing
 
1. A method of controlling macroscopic strain of a porous structure, the method comprising:
contacting a porous structure with a modifying agent which chemically adsorbs to a surface of the porous structure and modifies an existing surface stress of the porous structure; and
wherein the porous structure has a ratio of surface atoms to bulk atoms of at least about 1×10−3.